Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis is a pathological condition that affects the small arteries and arterioles in the body, particularly in the kidney. It is characterized by the thickening of the arterial walls due to the proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue, which can lead to narrowing of the vessels and reduced blood flow.

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis is commonly associated with severe hypertension, particularly in cases of malignant hypertension, where blood pressure is extremely elevated and uncontrolled. The high blood pressure damages the walls of the blood vessels, leading to inflammation and the formation of scar tissue.

The proliferation of smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue within the arterial walls leads to a characteristic “onion-skin” appearance, where layers of cells and fibrous tissue are deposited around the lumen of the vessel, causing narrowing and reduced blood flow.

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis can lead to a variety of complications, such as renal failure, retinopathy, and encephalopathy. Treatment usually involves aggressive control of blood pressure to prevent further damage to the arterial walls and to protect the organs from damage.

Diagnosis of hyperplastic arteriosclerosis is usually made by histological examination of the affected blood vessels. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI may also be used to evaluate the extent of the disease and its effects on the organs.